Abstract: This study investigates scale formation in high-density clarifiers for industrial wastewater hardness removal. It analyzes the application context of high-density clarifiers in wastewater treatment and the prevalence and severity of scale formation. The mechanisms of scaling are expounded, and the primary manifestations of scale in high-density clarifiers along with their impacts on system operation are systematically reviewed and summarized. Based on this, a comprehensive set of integrated solutions—including equipment maintenance, design optimization, operational management and auxiliary strategies—has been proposed. These solutions can effectively mitigate scale formation in high-density clarifiers, thereby enhancing system operational efficiency and reliability.

Key words: high-density clarifier, scaling, maintenance measures, design optimization